cast iron wafer uhlobo itshekhi valve pn16

Ukudibanisa abenzi bezigqibo kuthungelwano oluguquguqukayo lolwazi, abantu kunye neengcamango, iBloomberg ihambisa ulwazi lweshishini kunye nezezimali, iindaba kunye nokuqonda kwihlabathi jikelele ngesantya kunye nokuchaneka Ukudibanisa abenzi bezigqibo kuthungelwano oluguquguqukayo lolwazi, abantu kunye neengcamango, iBloomberg ihambisa ulwazi lwezoshishino kunye nezezimali, iindaba kunye nokuqonda kwihlabathi jikelele ngesantya kunye nokuchaneka U-Inventor Buckminster Fuller ukhe wachaza inkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe njenge "ephemeral."Ilanga kunye nempepho zithatha indawo yamalahle kunye neoli njengemithombo yamandla, iimpawu zibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini kunezakhiwo, kwaye imali ye-fiat ithathe indawo yegolide nesilivere. Ngoko kubonakala kusengqiqweni ukugqiba kwelokuba iPeriodic Table—ukuhlelwa okungazinzanga kwezinto ezibonakalayo njengobhedu, intsimbi, imekyuri, nesalfure—iphelelwe lixesha yaye ayinanto yakwenza noomatshini bokuchwetheza. ngaphandle kokuba eyona nto ichaseneyo.Izinto zisabalulekile.Ngomhla we-150 wokudalwa kwetafile ye periodic ngusokhemisti waseRashiya uDmitri Mendeleev, kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili.funda ngakumbi Oosonzululwazi kudala befuna ukucalula izinto ezaziwayo: ngo-1789, uAntoine Lavoisier wahlelwa. ngo-1808, uJohn Dalton wayezidwelisa ngobunzima beathom.Ngo-1864, uJohn Newlands wacebisa umthetho we-octave, ebanga ukuba yonke i-octave yezinto zineempawu ezifanayo.Kodwa uDmitri Mendeleev wadala itafile yoqikelelo olucwangcisiweyo ngokwenene. UMendeleev wazalelwa eTobolsk, eSiberia, ngo-1834, oyena mncinane kubantwana abalishumi elinesibini, waza waphumelela kwiziko lemfundo eliphambili eSt. Unjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseImperial yaseSt. Ushicilelo lukaMendeleev olususela ngo-1869 ludwelise ixesha lezinto kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili isithuba sezinto ezingekaqinisekiswa. Ngokufunyaniswa kwegallium ngo-1875, i-scandium ngo-1879, ne-germanium ngo-1886, ithiyori kwitheyibhile yangqinwa ichanekile. ukwamkelwa kwezenzululwazi kwezi ngcamango iye yakhawulezisa ukufunda ihlabathi ngokomzimba kunye applications.Mendeleev yayo kwezoshishino kunye nezorhwebo wabandakanyeka, ephanda iinkqubo ezinxulumene namalahle eRashiya, i-oyile nkqu imveliso yetshizi ngexesha inkqubo Russia intermittent modernization. Itheyibhile itshintshile kancinane ukususela ekubulaweni kwakhe ngumkhuhlane ngo-1907, kodwa umbutho wayo osisiseko usahleli. igolide, efana no "Au" ukusuka kwi-Latin aurum.Inombolo yeathom imele iiprotons kwi-nucleus.Ubuninzi be-athomu eqhelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha bunikezelwa kwiindawo ezininzi zedesimali, kunye namanani kwizibiyeli kwimeko ye-isotope ehlala ixesha elide. Le miqolo ibonisa izinto ezinemichiza efanayo properties.Ngokomzekelo, iintsimbi zealkali eziboniswe kwikholamu yokuqala ngasekhohlo zineelekhtroni enye kwiqokobhe labo elingaphandle kwaye ke ngoko zikholisa ukuba zibophene ngokukodwa kakuhle kunye neehalojeni, kwaye kwikholamu yesibini ngasekunene zinee-electron ezisixhenxe kwiqokobhe labo elingaphandle kunye nokunqongophala ukuyigqiba efunekayo electron.Lesi enye indlela sifumana iikhompawundi ezifana sodium chloride (ityiwa yetafile) kunye potassium iodide, nto leyo enceda ukukhusela idlala lengqula kwimitha. Uluhlu olusekunene lubonisa iigesi ezibekekileyo ezinamaqokobhe ee-electron angaphandle angaguqukiyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uninzi lwezi elementi zibe luncedo ekukhanyiseni, njengoko zingasabeli nezinye izinto. Kuninzi lweetafile ze periodic, i-lanthanides kunye nee actinides zicwangciswe ngokwemiqolo esezantsi ukunqanda. ukwenza itheyibhile ingabi yinyani. UMendeleev akazange afumane yonke into ngokufanelekileyo: wayekholelwa ukuba izinto zizodwa kwaye wayigatya ingcamango yokuba zineebhloko zokwakha ezifanayo.Uphinda enze imeko edidayo yokuba i-ether yinto.Kodwa uyilo lwakhe olusisiseko luchanekile, kungoko enguye. ithathelwe ingqalelo umqambi wayo namhlanje - kwaye kutheni isikhumbuzo sayo se-50 sibhiyozelwa njengoNyaka weZizwe ngezizwe weTheyibhile yePeriodic.--Joanna Ozinger Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukuguqulwa kwebhetri ye-hydrogen sele ikhona iminyaka eyi-10. Kodwa njenge-1. ilungele ukuba ngumamkeli ophambili wezona zinto zityebileyo zehlabathi.Abaxhasi bathi amafutha aya kukhuphisana ngakumbi njengoko unikezelo lwe-hydrogen ehlaziyekayo lukhula, oluya kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yekamva eliluhlaza. Enye yeempembelelo zexesha elide kumafutha e-hydrogen kukuba amafutha e-fossil ahlala efunwa ukuyivelisa. Akunjalo kwifama yomoya yaseBerlevag okanye kwisixeko saseNorway saseTrondheim, apho igcisa eliqeshwe ngumenzi wemoto waseSweden uScania AB usebenza kwi-hydrogen. i-electrolyzers kunye neetanki zokugcina ezibaswa ngamapaneli elanga.Iyunithi ye-hydrogen iya kunika amandla iilori kunye neeforklifts ezivavanywa ngumthengisi wegrosari wendawo u-ASKO. Okwangoku, nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezimdaka zemveliso ye-hydrogen zisaxabisa ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sezinto ezinokuphinda zivuselelwe. Yintlungu ebuhlungu leyo kurhulumente waseNorway, oceba ukuyeka ukuthengisa iimoto eziphenjwe ngefosili ngo-2025 kwaye ulindele iimoto ezingange-500,000 ze-hydrogen. iindlela zelizwe kwiminyaka embalwa 'time.At kakhulu, oko kuthetha electrolyzers ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana Berlevag. Ukuba inkulungwane yama-20 yayilixesha leenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, inkulungwane yama-21 yeyeebhetri.Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, iibhetri zisenokuba ngowona mthombo wamandla kwiimoto neelori, kwaye zisenokude zibe yinto eqhelekileyo kwiinqwelo-moya nakwiinqwelo-moya. abandulela inqwelo yegalufa, izithuthi zombane zanamhlanje zinokufikelela kwizantya ezihlekisayo ngelixa zikhupha ungcoliseko oluncinci kunokusebenzisa i-gas. Zikwalula ukwenza, kwaye iibhetri zazo zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. .Kodwa le nzame iza kunye neengozi zayo zokusingqongileyo, kwaye kukho uxinzelelo olukhulayo lokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkampani zikhupha izinto eziphambili ngokufanelekileyo.Njengeshishini leoli, ii-EV zigwetyelwe ukuwela kwimigibe emininzi efanayo, kwaye konke kulula kakhulu.Kulo mbandela. , sihlolisisa izinto eziluhlaza kwiibhetri, ukusuka kwi-lithium ukuya kwi-cobalt ukuya kwi-zinc, ukubona ukuba iziqinisekiso zabo eziluhlaza zithelekisa njani. Yomelele kunentsimbi, ikhaphukhaphu kune-aluminiyam, inqabile kakhulu, kwaye inetyhefu xa irhoxiwe, i-beryllium isoloko igcinelwe ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obufana noomatshini be-X-reyi, iziphekepheke, izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nezixhobo. Kodwa ngo-1990, owayesakuba yi-triathlete uChris Hinshaw wabona ithuba lemarike: iibhayisikili.Inkampani yakhe yaseSan Jose-based, Beyond Beryllium Fabrications, yenza malunga neebhayisikili ze-100 ezivela kwintsimbi.Ininzi yenziwe kwi-aluminium-beryllium alloys kwaye ithengisa malunga ne-$ 1,900; izixhobo-grade beryllium ithengisa kangangoko $30,000.Clients ziquka baseball star Pepper Davis. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, u-Hinshaw wayeka ukuvelisa iibhayisikili ze-beryllium ngenxa yokuba umthengisi wakhe oyintloko, umgodi waseRashiya kunye nendawo yokuhluza, akazange athembeke. ukuvelisa ngokwemigangatho kunye nokulindelweyo okumiselwe lishishini lebhayisekile,” utshilo. Kwinqaku lethu le-20 ka-Okthobha, i-1956, iBusinessWeek yaxela kwangaphambili "usetyenziso oluninzi olutsha olunomdla" lwe-boron, ngakumbi kwi-jet fuel. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, izazinzulu zafumanisa ukuba amafutha asekelwe kwi-boron ayenetyhefu kakhulu kwaye athambekele ekutshiseni okuzenzekelayo. Ngethamsanqa kuthi, i-boron iyaqhubeka idlala indima kwinani elikhulayo lezinye iimveliso, kubandakanywa izixhobo zokuhlamba iimpahla, izichumisi kunye nezikrini ze-LCD. Akukho nto iya kutshintsha indlela yokwenza ikomityi yekofu, nangona ithanga spice.I iimbotyi zigcadiweyo, emhlabeni, kwaye emva koko zifakwe emanzini kunye okanye ngaphandle koxinzelelo.Kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ikomityi yakho yekofu esisiseko iye yahlaziywa kakhulu: I-nitrogen engathandekiyo. iphonswe kwikofu esenziwe ngegwebu elongezelelweyo kunye nelona cebiso lincinci lobumnandi.Utywala obubandayo be-nitro bufana nebhiya ehendayo kunye ne-foam ethambileyo ngaphezulu.Ngokutsho kwembali yemvelaphi ethandwa kakhulu, ekubeni ikofu yokuqala yathululelwa kwimpompo yaseAustin malunga no-2012 , iye yaba yintloko yekofu kunye namandla okuqhuba kwi-4.1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ezilungele ukusela ikofu. I-Portland, i-Ore.-based chain yesizwe i-Stumptown Coffee Roasters Inc. yaqala ukubonelela ngebhiya ye-nitro enkonkxiweyo ngo-2015 emva kokuzama i-draft version.Ithengisa malunga ne-2 yezigidi zeetoti ngonyaka kwaye yimveliso yenkampani ekhula ngokukhawuleza.Early on, uBrent Wolczynski othengisa utywala oyintloko. uthe, “Inkqubo ibiyi-DIY kakhulu. Sasifaka utywala obubandayo ebhekileni, siyibethe ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwenitrogen, kwaye siyishukumise.” Ngoku le nkqubo ilingana novavanyo olukhulu lwesayensi: Ingqayi nganye ixhotyiswe ngewijethi encinci yeplastiki egcina igesi yenitrogen ngaphakathi.Ukuvula itoti kubhentsisa ikofu kuxinzelelo lomoya, ukutyhala igesi yenitrogen ngaphandle nangekofu.Isiphumo luthotho lwe amaqamza amancinci avelayo xa ugalela. I-La Colombe Coffee Roasters yenye i-brand ephezulu equka ioksijini, i-periodic table mate ye-nitrogen, kwinguqulelo yayo. Ivalve yesiko ihambisa uhlobo logwebu oludla ngokufumaneka kwiilayithi ezishushu kwiziselo ezibandayo.Amaqamza eN2O ahlala ixesha elide kunamaqamza enitro kwaye enze ukuthungwa okukhrimu okongezelelekileyo kunye nobumnandi obuchazwa ngakumbi.La Colombe ide yanelungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwitoti yayo. I-Starbucks, elinye igama elikhulu kwihlabathi lekofu, livakalise ukuba i-nitro ebandayo ebandayo iya kufumaneka kulo lonke ilizwe ekupheleni konyaka. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iya kufumaneka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokunambitha kunye nokugqiba, njengenye "Cascara Cold Foam". " kunye nenye ene "Sweet Cream."Kukho ne-pumpkin cream ebandayo ebandayo. Itekhnoloji yombono ebusuku iye yathembeka kwaye yasasazeka, isetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ukusuka kumajoni ukuya kubabukeli beentaka.Nangona ukuthandwa okunyukayo kweendlela zedijithali, ukuphuculwa kokukhanya kuhlala kungumgangatho weshishini.Xa ukukhanya kwenyanga kubonakaliswa kwinto kungena kula mabhayinotyhulasi anamandla ebhetri, adlula I-lens kunye ne-tube yokuqinisa umfanekiso.I-photocathode ke iguqula ukukhanya kwii-electron, ezikhuliswa yi-electron multiplier kwaye zikhombe kwisikrini se-phosphor ukuvelisa umfanekiso obonakalayo.-E.Tamikin Ukukhanya bekusoloko kuyinkxalabo enkulu yomfoti.Kodwa embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, umsebenzi wokubamba nokudala ukukhanya wawumkhulu kakhulu.Ngowe-1864, abazalwana uAlfred, oonyana beekhemesti baseBritani, baqalisa ukulinga isibane samandulo esidanyazayo—ngokusisiseko isibane esibaswa yintsimbi. Isitshixo i-magnesium, isinyithi esilula kakhulu sesilivere.Kwinombolo ye-12 kwitafile ye-periodic, kufuphi nephezulu ekhohlo, yenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo emhlabeni, kodwa ayizange ifumaneke kwifom yayo ecocekileyo.Ngokwayo, i-magnesium iyatshisa. ngokucotha nangokucacileyo, kwaye ikhupha ukukhanya okungathathi hlangothi okuqaqambileyo-- akukho sheen eluhlaza okanye emthubi. Abazalwana bathabatha intsimbi ekrwada yemagnesium, bayigalela kwiasidi, bayixuba netyuwa, bayitshisa baza bawathabatha loo manzi ajiyileyo aba ngumphunga. Wick.Ubeke lo mlilo ulawulekayo ecaleni kwekhamera yakhe enkulu yebhokisi waza wathatha umfanekiso kwistudiyo sakhe."Ukususela ngoku ukuya phambili, kuya kuba nzima ukuba abantu abafayo bazifihle kwikhamera. Sasikade sikhuselekile emva kokutshona kwelanga, kodwa kungekhona kwakhona," intatheli yaseLondon yabhala kwiCriterion. Kungekudala, abahambi abafana noCharles Piazzi Smyth bathatha i-magnesium endleleni ukuze bafake imifanekiso yokuqala yemiqolomba kunye nengaphakathi lePiramidi enkulu yaseGiza. Ngeminyaka yee-1880s, ukukhanya kuye kwatsiba ukusuka kwibhokisi yezixhobo zomhloli ukuya kwibhokisi yesixhobo yentatheli. Ngokweengxelo, uJacob Riis, umfoti weNew York Evening News ngelo xesha, wafunda inqaku malunga nomenzi wempuphu omenyezelayo waseJamani waza waphendula “ngomfanekiso. isikhalo esothusa umfazi wam."...ndifumene indlela, iyasebenza, thatha imifanekiso ngetotshi. UReese uthenge umpu okhanyayo - owavutha umgubo wemagnesium ngaphakathi kwipistol - kwaye wahamba nawo ukuya kudubula amagumbi amnyama eNew York. I-Lower East Side.Ngaphandle kwe-magnesium, bekungayi kubakho indlela yokuphila kwesinye isiqingatha. U-Jessie Tarbox Beals naye akathathi iifoto zezindlu, u-Jessie Tarbox Beals ngumfundisi-ntsapho owajika waba ngumfoti owadubula ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 Umfanekiso womntu waseNew Yorker. Njengoko umbhali-mbali uKate Flint ebhala "Flash! Ngomnye umfanekiso omangalisayo weBeers, i ibhinqa elingachazwanga ngagama lihleli esitulweni sasekhitshini nosana oluze ezingalweni zalo, lubonakala luthe tyaba kwaye ludiniwe. Yena nabantwana bakhe babexinene phakathi kweebhedi ezingaqhelekanga, iingobozi ezigugileyo zama-apile, izitovu zentsimbi, iingqayi, iiketile neebhotile kunye neepleyiti ezibekwe kwiikhabhathi ezivulekileyo. Iikhalenda namadlavu axhonywe ezindongeni zonke ziithayile ezimdaka. Ngaba likho igumbi elakha labubona ubomi obungakumbi kumashumi eminyaka emva kokufa kukaBeers ngowe-1942, ukudanyaza kwemagnesium kwavela kwimo kuphela. khawufane ucinge kukugqabhuka komfanekiso wepaparazzi phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20. UDan Tidwell waqala ukusebenza njengomfoti ngexesha leentsuku zakhe zokugqibela kwindawo ebalaseleyo. Ngo-1965, eneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, waqeshwa ukuba abhale iprojekthi eyimbali kufuphi neSacramento: isigaba sokugqibela sovavanyo lwenkqubo ye-NASA ye-Apollo.Ikhamera u-Tidwell wakhetha yayiyifomathi enkulu ye-Graflex 4x5 ene-flash enkulu ekunene."Akuqhelekanga ukuba ibhalbhu yeglasi iqhume ngokwenene," wandixelela. Komnye wemifanekiso yakhe, amadoda amane anxibe iiovaroli ezimhlophe kunye neminqwazi eqinileyo emi phambi kwerokethi enkulu. iiovaroli zamadoda, ifuselage egobileyo yerokethi, neendonga ze-hangar zaba yinqwelo-moya emhlophe. Kwezi ntsuku, obu bubuhle bothusayo abudumanga kangako. (Yinye kuphela inkampani eIreland, iMeggaflash, esathengisa iiflash zakudala.) NgoJulayi, ndaya kumtshato owawukwigadi elivumba limfiliba lejasmine eLos Angeles. zonke iindwendwe zaphakamisa i-smartphone yakhe.Siqhubekile nokudubula ngaphandle kokukhanya ixesha elide emva kokuhlwa, sibonisa ukhetho olwabelanayo lwemiphetho efihlakeleyo. Kuphela kukusetyenziswa kweflash ngamaxesha athile ngabafoti bomtshato kuphazamisa indawo esingqongileyo emnyama.Wacofa isixhobo kumzimba wekhamera waza wacinezela Isivalo.Akukho ziqhushumbisi ezihlabayo okanye imisi metallic - inkumbulo nje ukukhanya magnesium. Umbala wesinyithi oboniswe kuqweqwe lwalo mbandela yiPantone 877 C, umgangatho wayo oqaqambileyo uvela kwiiflakes ze-aluminium ezixutywe kwi-inki. Kwi-hydraulic fracturing, okanye i-hydraulic fracturing, i-drillers impompa into encangathi, i-gritty, i-viscous material phantsi koxinzelelo kwiqula, eliqhekeza ilitye elingezantsi kwaye likhuphe i-oyile evalelweyo kunye ne-gas deposits. fracturing fluid.Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yisanti. I-Fracking ngoku ingoyena mthengi mkhulu wesanti yase-US. Ayiyiyo nje nayiphi na isanti eya kwenza: Ezona ntlabathi zingcono zineenkozo ezingqukuva, ezifanayo kunye nesiqulatho se-silica ephezulu, nto leyo ezenza zibe nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba zikwazi ukumelana nokubanjiswa phakathi kwamatye amakhulu. kuxhomekeke ekwembeni izigidi zeetoni zesanti,” ifundeka ngolu hlobo incwadana ephuma kumboneleli ongusomashishini i-Hi-Crush Inc., “kwaye uyimpompa ibuyele emhlabeni.” Ezona ntlabathi zifanelekileyo zefrac zivela kuMbindi-ntshona ongasentla. UMntla oMhlophe kunye ne-Ottawa White zixabiswa ngenxa yokungabi nabumdaka. Oololiwe bempahla kunye neenqanawa zithwala intlabathi emazantsi ukuya ePermian Basin nasempuma ukuya eMarcellus Shale. Njengoko ishishini likhulile, abaqhubi ukuzama ukunciphisa iindleko zokuhamba baye bajika ingqalelo yabo kwiindawo eziqhekezayo, bemba kwisanti yase-Oklahoma ehlwempuzekileyo kunye nokwemba iindunduma zaseWest Texas. Iinkozo kunye nezilayishi zichola intlabathi kwimingxuma engekho nzulu. Iinkozo ziyahlanjwa, zisolulwe ngokobukhulu ngezihluzi kunye neecentrifuge, ze zomiswe kumagubu. Ngamanye amaxesha isanti iqatywa ngentlaka ukuze yomelele. Abenzi bomatshini bagcina isanti kwisiza kwizisele okanye kwezinye izikhongozeli.Xa kuyimfuneko, ixutywa namanzi, imichiza kunye nezinto ezityebisayo ezifana nentlaka yeguar kumxube omkhulu oxhonywe kwilori kunye nomngxuma ompompelweyo. Ukususela ekuphuhlisweni kwayo ngo-1909, izichumisi ziye zanceda ukondla ihlabathi.Kodwa umonakalo wayo kwiplanethi uyanda wothusa. umhlaba onikelwe lusapho lakwaRockefeller, iinkomo, iigusha, iibhokhwe, iihagu kunye nenkukhu zijikelezisa izityalo kumadlelo ahlukeneyo, kwaye umgquba wazo ukwangumthombo omkhulu wesichumisi. enye yezona zinto zibekwe esweni ngokucokisekileyo kwipropathi.Uyibiza ngokuba yi-steroid yobukumkani bezityalo - idibene ne-nitrogen kunye ne-potassium, inokuguqula i-zucchini ethobekileyo ibe yinto emangalisayo. UDan Barber, umpheki kunye nomnini wepropathi yeBlue Hill kwindawo yokutyela yaseStone Barns, ufuna ukubonisa ukuba amafama asenokwenza inzuzo xa eyeka oko akubiza ngokuba "kukutya kwabo kwesondlo esisodwa" ngezinto ezifana nephosphorus kunye nenitrogen. ininzi yayo nantoni na, iphosphorus egqithisileyo iyingozi.Umbhobho ogcwele isichumiso uyonakalisa imijelo yamanzi ngokuvuselela ukuveliswa kwealgae nokhula ngokugqithisileyo. I-Westchester County, apho i-Stone Barn ikhoyo, iye yavala izichumisi ze-phosphate zorhwebo ngenxa yesoyikiso esibeka kuyo i-ecology ye-Hudson River.I-phosphorus ephuma ngokwemvelo ayinyibiliki kangako - kwaye ayivalwanga - ngoko ke i-Stone Barns icacile. Kwakukho ixesha - i-2017 - xa i-Brexit ibonakala ixhoma phezu kweenkukhu ezihlanjwe nge-chlorine.Umkhuba wokwenza inzala uvaliwe eYurophu kodwa eqhelekileyo e-United States, eye yagxininisa ukuba ayiyi kusayina isivumelwano sorhwebo kunye ne-post-EU Britain. ayibandakanyi iinkukhu zayo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, yinkulumbuso, kwaye kamva akukho Brexit, ukufika okunokwenzeka kweentaka zeklorini kusacaphukisa "iintsalela". Iinzame zase-US zokuguqula unikezelo lwayo lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (REEs) zikhokelele kumthombo ongalindelekanga: inkqubo yamalahle.Inkqubo yamalahle eqalwe ngo-2014 ijonge ukukhulula iMelika ekuxhomekekeni kwayo eChina, njengoko i-17 inzima-to-imigodi yezimbiwa ibalulekile. kwizicelo ezininzi zobuchwephesha obuphezulu, kubandakanywa nezixhobo. "Uqikelelo lwethu lwangoku kukuba ukuba ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kwe-REE kuphunyeziwe, kuya kubakho izibonelelo zamalahle zasekhaya ezaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zase-US," watsho uMary Anne Alvin, umphathi wezobugcisa we-DOE kwi-REEs. Iiprojekthi ze-22 zithembele kwimigodi yamalahle esele ikhona kunye nokusetyenziswa kwaye ayiyi kubangela ingozi eyongezelelweyo yokusingqongileyo, abaphathi bathi.Umngeni oyintloko kukuphuhlisa ukwahlukana kunye nobugcisa bokutyebisa obunokwenyuswa ukuya kwimisebenzi yorhwebo olusebenzayo.Ukubuyisela ngokufanelekileyo kwe-scandium, umhlaba onqabileyo obiza kakhulu. element, iya kunceda ukufezekisa le njongo.Ezi ziiprojekthi ezimbini kwiziphelo ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo wemveliso yamalahle. Le projekthi ijolise ekubambeni ii-REEs kwi-lignite, ilahle eliphantsi.Kulula ukukhupha kwi-lignite kunokuba kumalahle aphezulu, utshilo uNolan Theaker, ukhokelo lobugcisa beprojekthi kwiYunivesithi yaseNorth Dakota.Ngokutsho kweTheaker, inkqubo yeprototype i-pulverizes, izikrini kunye nekhemikhali iphatha i-44 pounds ye-lignite ngeyure ukuvelisa isahlulo sesithathu se-ounce yemveliso ye-oxide yomhlaba enqabileyo - malunga ne-1 / 100 imali efunekayo kwimoto yemoto yombane. iyure, kunye pilot ecetywayo 2023, wathi. Inzuzo yokukhutshwa ekupheleni kwenkqubo kukuba i-REE yoxinaniso kwi-ash yamalahle i-6 ukuya kwi-10 ngamaxesha aphezulu kunamalahle angatshiyo, utshilo uPrakash Joshi, owayesakuba yintloko ye-Andover, i-Mass.-based Physical Sciences Inc..Umqhubi weprojekthi. Iplanti, eza kugqitywa ngo-2020, iya kuhlamba imatrix eneglasi eneREE ukusuka kwisiqingatha setoni yothuthu ngemini ukusuka kwiziko lombane eFord, eKentucky, emva koko isebenzise inkqubo yemichiza ukuvelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-17 yee-ounces zento eyomileyo ubuncinane 20% Scandium kunye Yttrium izinto. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iSilicon Valley ifumana igama layo kwi-14, ibhloko esisiseko sokwakha i-chips zekhompyuter. ii-transistors zifakwe phezulu; kunye neengcingo ezidibanisa kwibhodi yesiphaluka-zifuneka kuphela iinqununu ezimbalwa. Namhlanje, abenzi be-chips basebenzisa isilayi esikhulu setafile ye-periodic.-E.Tamikin "I-Titanium yomelele kunentsimbi kumaqondo aphezulu, kwaye yathiywa ngegama le-Titan kwintsomi yamaGrike,” utsho uBill Nye oyingcali kwezenzululwazi.” Ayibambi nje ubushushu, kodwa iyabubonakalisa. Yintsimbi abantu abafuna ukunxibelelana nayo-yiyo loo nto, njengoko ukukhutshwa kweKhadi le-Apple ngo-Agasti kubonisiwe, i-titanium yeyona nto "yiyo" kumakhadi okuthenga ngetyala. iirenki zekhadi lentsimbi.Indawo yokuphonononga iKhadi leTyala Ngaphakathi ibala iimveliso ezingama-22 kwimarike, kwaye iinkampani zincoma ukuba zenziwe nge-titanium, intsimbi engatyiwa (okt intsimbi, ikhabhoni kunye nechrome) kunye negolide eyi-24K. Ngaphandle komdla, bambalwa abaye batyhala ngokwenene imida ye-metallurgy.JPMorgan Chase & Co. ifumene ukukhankanywa okuhloniphekileyo kwikhadi layo le-JP Morgan Reserve - elifana nekhadi le-palladium, kodwa ngokwenene lenziwe ngesinyithi seqela leplatinam.Ezinye iinkampani zinokuqwalasela: ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha, uHenry Ford, ishishini leenqwelo-mafutha elasilela kabini elifuna impumelelo yesithathu, wayenombono wohlobo olutsha lwemoto. UFord wabhala ngowe-1906, “eyona nto ifunwa kakhulu kule mihla yimoto ekhaphukhaphu, enexabiso eliphantsi.